Many of the great architects of Western liberalism embraced these traditional teachings and defended them with arguments from nature, reason, custom, fairness, prudence, utility, pragmatism, and common sense. This argument about the natural norms and laws of sex, marriage, and family life, was adumbrated by Aristotle, elaborated by Thomas Aquinas, and then extended by scores of later theologians, philosophers, and jurists. The positive law of the state must not only support the marital family but also outlaw polygamy, fornication, adultery, and "light divorce" that violate the other spouse's natural rights as well as desertion, abuse, neglect, and disinheritance that violate their children's natural rights to support, protection, and education from their parents. Stable marital households, furthermore, are the best way to ensure that men and women are treated with equal dignity and respect, and that husbands and wives, and parents and children, provide each other with mutual support, protection, and edification throughout their lifetimes. ensure paternal certainty and joint parental investment in children who are born vulnerable and dependent on their parents' mutual care. While they rejected many traditional teachings in their construction of modern liberalism, Enlightenment liberals held firmly to classical and Christian teachings that exclusive and enduring monogamous marriages are the best way to. This Article shows that many Enlightenment liberals defended traditional family values and warned against the dangers of sexual libertinism and marital breakdown. The women see themselves as non-traditional, while working in a professional context that continues to expect them to behave traditionally. The interactions are strongly influenced by gendered ideologies. The results indicate that the women scientists report different interactions with men and with other women, and interactions vary with the status of the interactant: whether a senior researcher or administrator, a colleague of similar status, a technician, or a student, and whether a man or a woman.
To understand the impact, if any, of these ideologies on the lives of women scientists in their professional interactions, a case study was conducted at one research institute. Variation in rates of participation can be explained in part by cultural contexts, and in Mexico, dominant cultural ideologies of machismo and marianismo prevail. Women have been joining the ranks of professional scientists in increasing numbers although international statistics indicate that women's participation varies substantially in different regions.
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